There are specialized architectures (the Tolman-Eichenbaum Machine)* that are able to complete this kind of task. Interestingly, once trained, their activations look strikingly similar to place and grid cells in real brains. The team were also able to show (in a separate paper) that the TEM is mathematically equivalent to a transformer.

* https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009286742...