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How long do the batteries last? What happens after a week or cloudy winter weather?

Battery storage typically seems to smooth out production over about 24hrs, not multiple days and certainly not seasons.



Dunkelflauten (and seasonal leveling) are covered by use of an e-fuel like hydrogen.

You can see this effect in action at the optimization/simulation site https://model.energy/ Go there, solve for Germany (2011 weather data, 2030 cost assumptions), then disable hydrogen and try again. The optimum cost nearly doubles.


Interestingly, this simulation also suggests a 95% cost increase if Germany tried to do it without e-fuel/power-to-X (which it estimates would need to cover about 8% of demand)

https://www.wartsila.com/static/energy-vision/#/country/DE




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